美国宪法上的集会自由权
rs of princess Anne et al., 1968:本案与前案对法院禁令之裁决适成对比。前者认法院之禁令有效,并未违宪。而在后案,仅一年之差,联邦最高法院却认为地方法院却认为地方法院禁止向主白人优越感之全国州权党(The National States Right Party)举行示威之禁令系违背宪法。联邦最高法院所持之理由是:马利兰州Somerset县巡回法院连下两道禁令,第一次禁令系禁止全国州权党在十日内不得举行示威游行;第二次禁令则延长为十个月,该州上诉法院批准十日之禁令,而批驳十个月之禁令。但联邦最高法院则批驳马利兰州之两次禁令均为违宪。因为此两项禁令之颁发均系经由单方缺席程序(es parte proceedings)为之,所以凡事未经双方当事人之在场或容许被禁游行一方当事人之申辩而所核发之单方缺席禁令均系违宪而无效(Nu es parte injunction)。
3、Organization for A Better Austin v. Keefe, 1971:六○年代美国黑人争取民权运动风起云涌,国会遂通过一系列人权法案,禁止住宅歧视。芝加哥区为美国黑人集中之都市。在新人权法案下,黑人乘机在白人区Austin一带购置房地产。不料房地产经纪施用各种欺诈手段,使白人区之某一白人屋主将其住宅售与黑人,一旦成交,黑人迁入,该区白人即惶惶不安,恐惧住区变坏,房价暴跌,于是纷纷竞售。因而造成整条街巷溃烂(block-busting)及“恐慌大贱卖”(panic pedling)。于是,Austin区行政官员为挽救此一危机,遂向法院请求颁发禁令,禁止白人屋主结队散发宣传小册,亦不得强迫其它屋主签具拒售保证。联邦法院认为此一地方法院之禁令即系违反宪法规定,危害屋主之基本言论自由权。
总之,联邦最高法院对地方法院颁发禁止游行或户外集会之禁令亦采严格监督主义:第一、地方法院颁发游行禁令,原则上许可;第二、法院片面所作之缺席禁令则属无效。
(三)对游行时宗教团体或政治团体使用之扩音卡车之管制:
政治团体或宗教团体为扩大宣传效果,往往雇用装有扩音设备之卡车,在许多公共场所,人口众多地区,或交通拥挤之大街通道,使用扩音器大声喧叫。结果许多商店及行人均无法不受此种噪音之干扰,致影响其工作及安宁自由权利。以下两案均涉及此一问题:1、Saia v. New York, 1948:此案系涉及耶和华见证人会教徒Samuel Saia未经取得地方当局之核准而在Lockport城大
本案系华莱士(Henry Wallace)之进步党(Progressive Party)党员,Kovacs违背新泽西州春腾市(Trenten, N.J.)禁止任何人在大街用扩音器或其它装有喧闹乐器之卡车作乱公共安宁秩序之宣传之规定。Kovace遭受缔移该市第一区警察法庭,经法官Albert Cooper判罪,被告不服,历经新泽西州上诉法院及最高法院维持原判,由被告最后上诉至联邦最高法院,认为其在宪法第一条修正案之言论自由及第十四条修正案之适法程序及公平保护之基本权利。联邦最高法院经过为时五十一日之听审(Oct. 11, 1948-Jan. 31, 1949)始作以下之裁决,认为该州最高法院之判决无误,该市对装置扩音器大声喧闹之卡车之禁止规定并未违宪。其理由如下:
① 市街大道系言论文意见交换之公认正常场所,但非谓言论自由不受任何限制(City streets are recognized as a normal place for the exchange of ideas by speech or paper. But this does not mean the freedom is beyond all control);
② 在一个尊重全民自由社会中,言论自由虽然占有优先地位,但它并不能让议员将其它市民对安和乐利之要求又置之不顾。因为不尊重他人权利而强行一已之言论自由的本身即系粗暴而专断之行为(“The preferred position of freedom of speech in a society that cherishes liberty for all does not require legislators to be insensible to claims by citizens to comfort and convenience. To enforce freedom of speech in disregard of the rights of others would be harsh and arbitrary in itself.”)
③ 市政府之规则及禁令设计院并不含混,模糊或有欠明确肯定(the rules are not ‘vague, obscure and indefinite’);
④ 该市政府之规定非在限制“意见之沟通”(communication of ideas)之自由,而系合理保障他人不受干涉之权利(a reasonable protection from distraction亦即他人之隐私权必须加以尊重;)
⑤ 言论自由在公共秩序维护人员无法加以保护的时间与情况之下,将成为有名无实的空洞字眼(“The right to speak one’s mind would often be an empty privilege in a place and at a time beyond the protecting hand of the guardians of public order.”);
⑥ 因为任何人在家中或街上都无法逃避扩音器对其隐私权之干扰,除非经由市政府予以保护;(“In his homeon or on the street he is practically helpless to escape this interference with his privacy by loud speakers except through the protection of the municipality.”)
⑦ 因此,“本院认为议会得行使其裁量权制定规程禁止装有扩音器之卡车在市街道通道加高音量,大声向公众广播。在十二万五千人口的春腾市的市区中,这种喧杂噪音将危害交通及传播信讯的有用时间,而且将使居民所向往的住宅区的宁静和听由宗教、社会或政治说教来摆布”(“We think it is a permissible exercise of legislative discretion to bar sound truck with baroadcasts of public interest, amplified to a loud and raucous volume, from the public ways of municipalities. On the business streets of cities like Trenton, with its more than 125,000 people such distraction would be dangerous to traffic at all hours useful for the dissemination of information, and in the residential throughfares the quiet and tranquility so desirable for city dwellers would likewise be at the mercy of advocates of particular religious, social or political persuasion.”)
最后,最高法院认为言论自由权不得强迫市政府接受此种制造噪音的扩音器卡车在大街上的驶行。(We cannot believe that rights of free speech comple a municipality to 《美国宪法上的集会自由权(第3页)》
本文链接地址:http://www.oyaya.net/fanwen/view/143753.html
3、Organization for A Better Austin v. Keefe, 1971:六○年代美国黑人争取民权运动风起云涌,国会遂通过一系列人权法案,禁止住宅歧视。芝加哥区为美国黑人集中之都市。在新人权法案下,黑人乘机在白人区Austin一带购置房地产。不料房地产经纪施用各种欺诈手段,使白人区之某一白人屋主将其住宅售与黑人,一旦成交,黑人迁入,该区白人即惶惶不安,恐惧住区变坏,房价暴跌,于是纷纷竞售。因而造成整条街巷溃烂(block-busting)及“恐慌大贱卖”(panic pedling)。于是,Austin区行政官员为挽救此一危机,遂向法院请求颁发禁令,禁止白人屋主结队散发宣传小册,亦不得强迫其它屋主签具拒售保证。联邦法院认为此一地方法院之禁令即系违反宪法规定,危害屋主之基本言论自由权。
总之,联邦最高法院对地方法院颁发禁止游行或户外集会之禁令亦采严格监督主义:第一、地方法院颁发游行禁令,原则上许可;第二、法院片面所作之缺席禁令则属无效。
(三)对游行时宗教团体或政治团体使用之扩音卡车之管制:
政治团体或宗教团体为扩大宣传效果,往往雇用装有扩音设备之卡车,在许多公共场所,人口众多地区,或交通拥挤之大街通道,使用扩音器大声喧叫。结果许多商店及行人均无法不受此种噪音之干扰,致影响其工作及安宁自由权利。以下两案均涉及此一问题:1、Saia v. New York, 1948:此案系涉及耶和华见证人会教徒Samuel Saia未经取得地方当局之核准而在Lockport城大
街以扩音器之卡车流动喧教,经地方警察人员取缔并移送法院审判定罪。被告不服。历经上诉,终由联邦最高法院裁决,认地方所订之限制噪音之规则系毕予警察局长以无羁裁量权(uncontrolled discretion)对言论自由权作事前限制而违宪。最高法院指出言论自由应居优先地位而加保障。2、Kovacs v. cooper, 1949:联邦最高法院在一九四八年Saia v. New York所持之立场于一年之后即有所修改。在最高法院释宪历史中,以后案推翻前案或以前之少数转为后案之多数之实例甚多。时代在变,司法错疏时生,故在本案中联邦最高法院改变前案之立场无足为奇。Saia v. N. Y.及Kovacs v. Cooper两案有同有异相同之点即两者均涉及明显之宪法权利(言论及集会自由)与日渐重要之个人隐私权(即宪法第九条修正案之所谓有“不受干涉权”the right to be left alone)之冲突。所不同者,前案系最高法院以言论自由权限制政府之警察权(包括及核发许可证等),而后案系最高法院以他人之隐私权又限制言论自由之滥用。
本案系华莱士(Henry Wallace)之进步党(Progressive Party)党员,Kovacs违背新泽西州春腾市(Trenten, N.J.)禁止任何人在大街用扩音器或其它装有喧闹乐器之卡车作乱公共安宁秩序之宣传之规定。Kovace遭受缔移该市第一区警察法庭,经法官Albert Cooper判罪,被告不服,历经新泽西州上诉法院及最高法院维持原判,由被告最后上诉至联邦最高法院,认为其在宪法第一条修正案之言论自由及第十四条修正案之适法程序及公平保护之基本权利。联邦最高法院经过为时五十一日之听审(Oct. 11, 1948-Jan. 31, 1949)始作以下之裁决,认为该州最高法院之判决无误,该市对装置扩音器大声喧闹之卡车之禁止规定并未违宪。其理由如下:
① 市街大道系言论文意见交换之公认正常场所,但非谓言论自由不受任何限制(City streets are recognized as a normal place for the exchange of ideas by speech or paper. But this does not mean the freedom is beyond all control);
② 在一个尊重全民自由社会中,言论自由虽然占有优先地位,但它并不能让议员将其它市民对安和乐利之要求又置之不顾。因为不尊重他人权利而强行一已之言论自由的本身即系粗暴而专断之行为(“The preferred position of freedom of speech in a society that cherishes liberty for all does not require legislators to be insensible to claims by citizens to comfort and convenience. To enforce freedom of speech in disregard of the rights of others would be harsh and arbitrary in itself.”)
③ 市政府之规则及禁令设计院并不含混,模糊或有欠明确肯定(the rules are not ‘vague, obscure and indefinite’);
④ 该市政府之规定非在限制“意见之沟通”(communication of ideas)之自由,而系合理保障他人不受干涉之权利(a reasonable protection from distraction亦即他人之隐私权必须加以尊重;)
⑤ 言论自由在公共秩序维护人员无法加以保护的时间与情况之下,将成为有名无实的空洞字眼(“The right to speak one’s mind would often be an empty privilege in a place and at a time beyond the protecting hand of the guardians of public order.”);
⑥ 因为任何人在家中或街上都无法逃避扩音器对其隐私权之干扰,除非经由市政府予以保护;(“In his homeon or on the street he is practically helpless to escape this interference with his privacy by loud speakers except through the protection of the municipality.”)
⑦ 因此,“本院认为议会得行使其裁量权制定规程禁止装有扩音器之卡车在市街道通道加高音量,大声向公众广播。在十二万五千人口的春腾市的市区中,这种喧杂噪音将危害交通及传播信讯的有用时间,而且将使居民所向往的住宅区的宁静和听由宗教、社会或政治说教来摆布”(“We think it is a permissible exercise of legislative discretion to bar sound truck with baroadcasts of public interest, amplified to a loud and raucous volume, from the public ways of municipalities. On the business streets of cities like Trenton, with its more than 125,000 people such distraction would be dangerous to traffic at all hours useful for the dissemination of information, and in the residential throughfares the quiet and tranquility so desirable for city dwellers would likewise be at the mercy of advocates of particular religious, social or political persuasion.”)
最后,最高法院认为言论自由权不得强迫市政府接受此种制造噪音的扩音器卡车在大街上的驶行。(We cannot believe that rights of free speech comple a municipality to 《美国宪法上的集会自由权(第3页)》