儿童“期望值”判断的研究
究的下一步工作将是儿童的主观期望效用(subjective expected utility)的研究。
4 结论
学习理论、动机理论和判断决策理论都认识到期望值判断在日常生活中几乎无所不在,它对儿童也具有重要意义。本研究探察了儿童和成人的期望值判断,得到以下结论:
(1)在本研究的实验任务中,7岁的一年级儿童既有初步的概率概念,在对简单不确定事件进行推理时,他们能够判断事件发生的可能性大小,并能做出正确的期望值判断。
(2)儿童的期望值判断表现出随年龄而发展的趋势,而发展的加速期主要在9岁以后;
(3)在概率和价值无冲突的任务中,各年龄组被试多数都能够同时考虑到概率和价值两个维度;在这两个维度有冲突的情境中,儿童对二者的相乘关系的认知呈现发展趋势,7岁和9岁组的认知水平较低,12岁组被试认知有了很大的发展但其乘法规则的运用仍逊于成人水平。而成人的成绩表现出很大的个体差异。
(4)在期望值相同的情况下,儿童更注重事件发生的概率而相对忽略价值。
【参考文献】
1 Anderson N H.Probability development.In:AdersonN H ed.Contributions to information integration theory:Vo13.Hillsdale,Nj:Erlbaum.1991.83~108
2 Acredolo C,O Connor J,Banks L,HorobinK.Children's ability tomake probability estimates:Skills revealed through application of Anderson's functional measurement methodology.Child Development,1989,60:933~945
3 Schneider K,HanneK,Lehmann B. The development of children'sachievement-related expectancies and subjective uncertainty.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,1989,47:160~174
4 SchlottmannA,Anderson N.Children's judgments of expected value.Developmental Psychology,1994,30(1):56~66
5 HommersW.Information processing in children's choices among bets.In:F Wilkening,J Becker,T Trabassoed.Information integration bychildren.Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum,1980.99~112
6 Anderson N H.Information integration theory in developmentalpsychology.In:F Wilkening,J Becker,T
7 SchlottmannA.Children's probability intuitions:Understanding the expected value of complex Gambles.Child Development,2001,72:103~122
8 TverskyA,KahnemanD.The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.Science,1981,211:453~458
9 FurbyL,Beyth-MaromR. Risk taking in adolescence:a decisionmaking perspective.Developmental Review,1992,12:1~44
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4 结论
学习理论、动机理论和判断决策理论都认识到期望值判断在日常生活中几乎无所不在,它对儿童也具有重要意义。本研究探察了儿童和成人的期望值判断,得到以下结论:
(1)在本研究的实验任务中,7岁的一年级儿童既有初步的概率概念,在对简单不确定事件进行推理时,他们能够判断事件发生的可能性大小,并能做出正确的期望值判断。
(2)儿童的期望值判断表现出随年龄而发展的趋势,而发展的加速期主要在9岁以后;
(3)在概率和价值无冲突的任务中,各年龄组被试多数都能够同时考虑到概率和价值两个维度;在这两个维度有冲突的情境中,儿童对二者的相乘关系的认知呈现发展趋势,7岁和9岁组的认知水平较低,12岁组被试认知有了很大的发展但其乘法规则的运用仍逊于成人水平。而成人的成绩表现出很大的个体差异。
(4)在期望值相同的情况下,儿童更注重事件发生的概率而相对忽略价值。
【参考文献】
1 Anderson N H.Probability development.In:AdersonN H ed.Contributions to information integration theory:Vo13.Hillsdale,Nj:Erlbaum.1991.83~108
2 Acredolo C,O Connor J,Banks L,HorobinK.Children's ability tomake probability estimates:Skills revealed through application of Anderson's functional measurement methodology.Child Development,1989,60:933~945
3 Schneider K,HanneK,Lehmann B. The development of children'sachievement-related expectancies and subjective uncertainty.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,1989,47:160~174
4 SchlottmannA,Anderson N.Children's judgments of expected value.Developmental Psychology,1994,30(1):56~66
5 HommersW.Information processing in children's choices among bets.In:F Wilkening,J Becker,T Trabassoed.Information integration bychildren.Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum,1980.99~112
6 Anderson N H.Information integration theory in developmentalpsychology.In:F Wilkening,J Becker,T
Trabassoed.Information integration by children.Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum,1980.1~45
7 SchlottmannA.Children's probability intuitions:Understanding the expected value of complex Gambles.Child Development,2001,72:103~122
8 TverskyA,KahnemanD.The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.Science,1981,211:453~458
9 FurbyL,Beyth-MaromR. Risk taking in adolescence:a decisionmaking perspective.Developmental Review,1992,12:1~44
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