Remedies for non-performance：Perspectives fro

ist for Late Performance
4.1 General Considerations
4.2 Rationale Underlying the Optional Approach
4.2.1 Optional Approach under the Studied Instruments
4.2.2 Underlying Rationale
4.2.3 Granting Additional Period in Two Situations
4.3 Setting of a Nachfrist Notice
4.3.1 Transmission of the Intention
4.3.1.1 Form of the notice
4.3.1.2 Risk in transmission
4.3.2 Fixing of the Time-limit
4.3.2.1 Fixed period
4.3.2.2 Reasonable length
4.4 Effects of Serving a Nachfrist Notice
4.4.1 Remedies Available/Suspended during the Period
4.4.2 Early End of the Existing Uncertainty upon Rejecting Notice
4.4.3 Termination upon Expiry of the Extension
4.4.3.1 In general
4.4.3.2 CISG approach
4.4.3.3 UPICC/PECL approach

Chapter 5 Cure by Non-performing Party
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Conditions for Invoking Cure
5.2.1 In General
5.2.2 Reasonableness of Notice
5.2.3 Appropriateness of Cure
5.3 Seller’s Right to Cure and Buyer’s Right to Termination
5.4 Effects of Effective Notice
5.4.1 Right to Inquire vs. Duty to Accept Cure
5.4.2 Suspension of Inconsistent Remedies
5.4.3 Retained Rights of the Aggrieved Party

Chapter 6 Price Reduction for Non-conformity
6.1 General Considerations
6.2 Features of CISG Art. 50
6.2.1 Unique Role and Justification
6.2.2 Self-help Remedy
6.2.3 Seeming Advantages
6.3 In Contrast with Damages
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Distinctions from Damages under the CISG
6.3.2.1 Diverse ratio legis
6.3.2.2 Different manner in calculation
6.3.2.3 Other differences
6.3.2.4 A summary
6.3.3 An Alternative to Damages
6.3.3.1 Introduction
6.3.3.2 In conjunction with force majeure
6.3.3.3 In case of falling market
6.3.3.4 Upon difficulty in proving damages
6.3.3.5 A summary
6.4 Essentials of CISG Art. 50
6.4.1 Scope of Application
6.4.1.1 General application in case of non-conformity
6.4.1.2 Ambiguity over defects in title
6.4.2 Exercise of the Right

to Price Reduction
6.4.3 Calculation of Proportional Reduction
6.4.3.1 Decisive point: time of delivery
6.4.3.2 Place for comparing
6.4.4 Limited by the Cure
6.5 Status of the Price Reduction under UPICC/PECL
6.5.1 Exclusion under the UNIDROIT Principles
6.5.2 Inclusion under the European Principles


PART III TERMINATION
Chapter 7 Right to Termination
7.1 General Considerations
7.2 Grounds for Termination
7.3 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 8 Fundamental Non-performance
8.1 General Considerations
8.2 Foreseeable Substantial Detriment
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Substantial Detriment
8.2.2.1 Existing detriment
8.2.2.2 Substantial deprivation
8.2.2.3 Discernible expectations
8.2.3 Foreseeability
8.2.3.1 Introduction
8.2.3.2 Test for foreseeability
8.2.3.3 Time for foreseeability
8.2.3.4 Burden to prove unforeseeability
8.3 Other Elements in Defining Fundamental Non-performance
8.3.1 Strict Compliance of Essence
8.3.2 Intentional Non-performance
8.3.3 No Reliance on Future Performance
8.3.4 Disproportionate Loss
8.4 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 9 Anticipatory Non-performance
9.1 General Considerations
9.2 Grounds for Suspension
9.3 Seller’s Right to Stop Goods in Transit upon Suspension
9.4 Duty to Give Notice in Exercising Suspension
9.5 Restoring Performa

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