unin5 Advertise教学目标
搭配辨析answer与 reply
这两个词均有“回答,答复”之意。answer不仅用于回答问题,还用于对书信、电话、行动、门铃及攻击行为或质问的回答,是一般常用词。reply正式用语,常用于对人、书信、议论、忠告、见解等的回答,与answer常可通用。但reply常指经过考虑答复对方的问题或论点。
①There’s another knock.I’ll go and answer the door. 又有人敲门,我去开门。
②I asked her the reason,but she didn’t reply. 我问她为什么,她却不回答。
搭配辨析for sale与 on sale
这两个词都有“出售”之意。for sale常指个人所有物出售、待售;on ssle常作形容词短语,表示物品出售。上市,也可用作形容词或副词,表“廉价出售的/地/特价的/地”。e.g.
① He put his car for sale. 他把汽车拿出来卖。
② They sell eggs on today. 今天那家店鸡蛋大减价。
③ Kinds of fresh fruit are on sale. 新鲜水果上市了。
语法学习中应注意的问题
1. 1) -ing形式的一般式表示性质、主动,而及物动词的过去分词则表状态、被动。
例 ①a.The work was tiring. 这工作挺累的。
b.The workers were soon tired. 工人们很快就累了。
a.-lng形式作表语表示主语(物)的性质。 b. 过去分词作表语表示主语(人)的状态。
②a.It was a piece of exciting news. 这是一个令人激动的消息。
b. The excited old man drank a lot that night.(定语) 激动的老人那晚喝了很多酒。
a. -ing 形式作定语表示后面名词的性质。 b. 过去分词作定语表示后面名词的性质。
③a. He had the horse running more than 100 miles 他让马奔跑了一百多英里。
b.I’ll have the letter typed immediately. 我会马上找人把这封信打出来。
a.-ing形式作宾语补足语与宾语构成主动关系。
b.过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语构成被动关系。
2). 表主动含义时,名词前作定语的-ing形式表示进行,过去分词表示完成。
例:①a.France Is a developed country. 法国是一个发达的国家。
b.China is a developing country• 中国是一个发展中国家。
②a. a changed world已经变化的世界。 b. a changing world正在变化的世界。
③a. the risen sun已经升起的太阳。 b. the rising sun正在升起太阳。
3). 过去分词短语和-ing 短语及不定式短语作后置定语的区别
a.过去分词作定语,表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动词,或者没有一定的时间性,只表被动关系;而-ing形式作后置定语则表示正在进行的动作或状态;如动作发生在将来,用动词不定式作定语。
例:①I don’t like to see letters written in pencil.
我不喜欢看用铅笔写的信。(只表被动,无时间性)
②This is the building built last year.这是去年建的楼房。(被动,完成)
③The building being built there is our lab.
那里正建的那幢建筑物是我们的实验室。(正在进行)
④They have designed a building to be built next year.
他们已设计了一幢明年要建的楼房。(将来)
b表被动含义时,瞬时动词不能用-ing 进行式的被动语态,应使用过去分词。
例:①most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists. (Ⅹ)
②Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.(√)
多数应邀参加晚会的人都是著名的科学家。
c.-ing完成时的被动语态不能用作定语,表被动含义时用过去分词。
例:①We enjoy seeing the films having been directed by Charlie Chaplin.(Ⅹ)
②We enjoy seeing the films directed by Charlie Chaplin.(√)
我们喜欢看卓别林导演的电影。
2. 过去分词和不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与宾语构成主动关系,过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语构成被动关系。
例:①When we talk with others,we make ourselves understood not just by words.
②When we talk With others,we make them understand us not just by words.
我们与人交谈时,不只是通过语言让人们理解我们的意思。
3. 过去分词的逻辑主语
作状语用的过去分词,其逻辑主语应与名词中的主语一致。
例:①Seen from the hill, we find the village very small. (Ⅹ)
②Seen from the hill,the village looks very small.(√)
我们如果在山上看(我们)会发现村子很小。
高考热点
以下是历年高考题中的过去分词试题,请总结有关过去分词的考点。
l.The managers discussed the plan that they
would like to see the next year.(NMET 2000)
A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out
分析: 例1的答案为C。此句中包含一个定语从句,the plan是定语从句的先行词,将其放到定语从句中构成 they would like to see the plan ____(carry out)。the plan与 carry out构成被动关系,故用 carried out。
小结: 此题测试的是过去分词作宾补。过去分词作宾补时,它所表示的动作对象是前面的宾语,与其构成被动关系。
2.Most of the artists to the party were ____ from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invited
C.being invited D.had been invited(NMET90)
3.The first textbooks________for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A.having written B.to be written
C.being written D.written (NMET94)
4.The Olympic Games,____ in 776B.C.,did not include women players until 1912.
A first played B.to be first played
C first playing D.to be first playing (NMET97)
分析:例2的答案为 A。例3的答案为 D。此两题都是前面的名词与动词之间构成被动关系,作后置定语。可变为限制性定语从句,who were invited…;that were written…。例4的答案为 A.名词 the Olympic Games与动词 play之间构成被动关系,也作后置定语,可变为非限制性定语从句 which were first played…。
小结:以上三个小题测试的是过去分词作后置定语。过去分词作定语通常表示被动含义,同时还表示这个分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
5.____more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given (NMET 90)
6. ____ in thought,he almost ran Into the car in front of him.
A、Losing B.Having lost C.Lost D.Lose(NMET96)
分析:例 5的答案为 A。主句的主语the trees与动词give之间构成被动关系,故用过去分词。此题过去分词作了条件状语。可改为 If the trees had been given more attention…. 例 6的答案为C。把此句还原后是As he was lost in thought, he …lost
小结:以上两题测试的是过去分词作状语。过去分词作状语时,表示名词与动词之间是被动关系,一般强调分词所发生的动作在谓语动作之前发生.
7.Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. (NMET’98)
A.pay B. paying C.paid D.to pay
分析:此题的答案为C。此题旨在考查“get十过去分词”结构的用法。该结构中的 get可以用be代替。后跟过去分词作表语,含有被动含义,多用于强调结果或表示不期而遇和偶然发生的事。类似的短语还有get broken;get hurt; get married; get caught等。
小结:此题测试的是过去分词作表语。过去分词作表语时表达被动含义,即句子的主句是这个过去分词所表示动作的承受者。
从以上分析可以看出,在做与分词有关的试题时,一定要考虑动词与其逻辑主语的关系,是主动关系用现在分词,是被动关系用过去分词。
正误辨析:
1.我昨天在医院拔了一颗牙。
误:I pulled out a tooth yesterday. 正:I had a t