Planting trees
这条路大概有两百米长。
The exercises are more or less finished.
作业快要做完了。
15. Children under 1.2m in height can not be taken into the concert hall.
1.2米以下的孩子禁止带入会场。
height 为名词,形容词为high. 1.2 m in height 意为 1.2m high。如:
— What is his height?
— He is six feet in height (=He is six feet high.)
— 他有多高?
— 他有六英尺高。
关于含有情态动词的被动语态的讲解
※含有情态动词的被动语态的构成
前两个单元已学过一般现在时态和一般过去时态的被动语态的构成,以及被动语态的用法。本单元学习含有情态动词的被动语态。它的构成形式是:情态动词+ be + 动词的过去分词;否定式是在情态动词后 + not, 疑问式是将情态动词放于主语之前。情态动词有:can, may, must, school, could, have to等。例如:We must find out the truth . → The truth must be found out .
(1)The trees must be planted in spring.
树必须春天栽。
(2)May the exercises be done tomorrow?
练习可以明天做吗?
(3)Books can not be taken out of the reading-room.
书不能带出阅览室。
(4)These young trees should be watered every day.
这些小树应每天浇水。
(5)The sick person need be taken good care of.
那病人需要很好地照顾。
(6)Your bike has to be mended well.
你的自行车需好好修修了。
※ 被动语态与系表结构的区别
动词 be + 过去分词这个结构并不定都是被动语态结构,有时它可能是 be + 过去分词 ( 作表语 ) 的系表结构。因此:
be + 过去分词 ( 被动语态 ) 与 be + 过去分词 ( 作表语 ) 这两种结构的主要差别是:
①被动结构表示一个动作,带表语的结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。如:
The library is now closed . ( 系表结构 )
It is usually closed at 6 . ( 被动结构 )
②被动结构后面可带 by + 实施动作者,而系表结构一般没有。如:
The glass is broken . ( 系表结构 )
It was broken by my sister . ( 被动结构 )
③“系表结构”中的过去分词可以被 well , very 等副词修饰,而“被动结构”中的过去分词则一般不能如此。如:
The book is well written . ( 系表结构 )
The book is written by Li Ming . ( 被动结构 )
④被动结构可以用于许多时态之是,而系表结构只用于一般现在时和一般过去时这两种时态。如:
The work is being done . ( 被动语态 )
The work is done . ( 系表结构 )
⑤系表结构有主动意义,而被动结构只有被动意义。被动结构的句子往往有表示动作的时间、地点、方式、目的等状语,而系表结构一般没有这样的状语。如:
The photo was taken last month . ( 被动语态 )
The photo was well taken . ( 系表结构 )
本单元的有关听说读写的教学建议
◆有关听说方面的教学建议
本单元第41课以Read and act的形式来引出本课的教学重点。教师应充分利用这个对话情景,进行对话表演,以提高学生的兴趣,达到自然地呈现新课的目的。
教师在上课时,可穿一件旧衣服或工作服,问学生,“I came to school in/I'm wearing my old clothes today. Tomorrow you will come to school in your old clothes. Do you know why?” 这时,学生们可以进行多种猜测。在学生情绪高涨时,教师让他们带着问题听课文录音。在听第一遍录音后,利用本课挂图,再让学生听一至两遍录音。为了帮助他们更好地理解对话的内容和句型,教师此时可将一些关键词写在黑板上,如:: in old clothes, What's happening? Tree Planting Day, Really? Wonderful! 在学生了解了对话的基本内容后,教师可放录音让全班跟读或分角色对话。然后两人一组借助黑板上的关键词来复述或表演。注意这段对话的主要目的是引出下面的“instructions”,而且对话中新的语言知识不多,所以不必占用过多的时间。
在进行了一定的pair work 之后,教师可以要求学生进行表演练习。出示关于植树过程的一组图,让学生回忆植树的经过和步骤,在教师的引导之下,用英语将这些步骤表达出来。
如:How to choose the ground?
What should we do for the first step? Dig a hole or knock a stick into the earth?
What should we do for the second step? Knock a stick into the earth or put the tree into the hole?
What should we do next? Put the tree into the hole or put the earth back into the hole?
What should we do next then? Push the earth down hard?
Tie the tree to the stick or water the tree well. which step comes earlier?
通过上述问题的问答,学生就基本上明白了植树的步骤。然后要求学生在小组内进行口头的表达,要求学生能够比较流利的表达植树的过程。
第44课在Read and act下也有3段对话。但与第41课对话不同。这时学生已学完本单元的语法重点和阅读文章。这3段对话设计的目的在于巩固学生所学的知识,并提供不同情景引导他们实际应用。教师可设计如下3幅简笔画。
教师可分段放录音或在课前事先安排3位学生与教师配合表演这3段对话。然后进行全班、半班或两人一组的练习。教师分段抽查数组表演情况。在学生已基本能分别表演3段对话的基础上,让他们将3段对话串在一起进行表演,教师可用简笔画或手势、动作来提示学生。
最后教师应鼓励学生实际应用所学知识,如让学生根据第41课的 “instructions”,依照第44课的3段对话,自编对话,进行表演。以下4组对话包括了instructions中所有的注意事项,并尽量使用带情态动词的被动语态。如:
1. A: Will you help me plant this tree, please?
B: Of course/Certainly. What do you want me to do?
A: Well, dig a hole large enough for the tree. But don't dig the hole too deep/the hole should not be too deep.
B: OK. I've dug a hole. It’s just right.
2. A: Good. That's done. Hold this stick while I knock it in.
B: OK. Make sure that it is straight.
A: Is it straight (now)?
B: More or less!
3. B: What's next?
A: Put the tree in the hole now/The tree must be put in the hole now.
B: OK. I've done that.
A: Right. I'll put the earth back in the hole again while you hold the tree straight. Then, let's push the earth down hard with our feet several times.
4. B: Good. Now the tree must be tied to the top of the stick to keep it straight.
A: OK. While you're doing that, I'll go and get some water.
B: OK.
《Planting trees(第3页)》