What is it made of
2.在学生掌握了被动语态谓语动词的基本结构的基础上,教师可引导学生区别主动语态与被动语态的不同之处。教师可先板书“Workers make cars”, 启发学生指出谓语动词(make)的执行者(workers)和承受者(cars),然后将其改为“Cars are made by workers.”教师指导学生仔细观察这两个句子的不同之处。引导学生得出如下结论:谓语动词的执行者作主语,谓语动词为主动语态 (make);谓语动词的承受者作主语,谓语动词为被动语态 (be made)。为了帮助学生掌握和巩固这一基本概念,教师可再举若干例子,如:Farmers grow rice. People plant trees. Americans speak English. 等,先让学生将其变为被动语态,然后指导学生分组讨论指出动作的执行者和承受者,说出两种语态的不同之处。
3.增设主动语态变为被动语态的练习,训练学生作出快速准确的反应,使学生掌握这一句型变换的基本规律,以利于学生进一步掌握被动语态谓语动词的基本结构。教师口头说出主动语态的句子(They plant trees),学生立即作出口头反应(Trees are planted by them. ) 教师还可利用投影仪或黑板,提供若干句子,指导学生操练。如:They produce machines in Shanghai, (cars, bikes, ships, pens, paper, glass, silk, sugar ... ) They make this kind of watch in China, (car, bike, TV set, radio, lock ... ) They grow tea in the south (north). (wheat, corn, rice, cotton, apples, pears, flowers, vegetables . . . )
教师还可利用以上练习组织学生分组 (竖排)竞赛。教师指导一、三、五组的学生说出主动语态的句子,二、四、六组的学生立刻将其变为被动语态,从每组第一个学生开始,依次练到每组最后一个学生;然后再由二、四、六组的学生说主动语态,一、三、五组的学生将其变为被动语态。如果某组中某个学生说错,必须待其自己纠正后该组方可继续进行。最后由教师评定,哪一组进行得最快最准确。
4.教师应对学生讲明被动语态的主要用法:
1)当我们不知道动作的执行者是准,或者动作的执行者是谁并不重要时,需用被动语态。如:
Rice is grown in North China.
2)当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。如:
This knife is used for cutting paper.
教师还必须提醒学生注意:不及物动词通常不能构成被动语态。
关于be made of 结构的教学建议
l.make这个动词使用频率很高,教师只需做出几次演示,学生便可理解 “be made of”的意义。教师可直接利用教室内的东西做演示,也可自备若干实物,如帽子,茶杯,小刀等。教师可先做如下演示:This is a desk. It is made of wood. This is a blackboard. It is made of glass This is a knife. It made of metal. 教师边说边在黑板上板书这三个带被动语态的句子,并指导学生做适当操练。然后教师指着课桌问:Is it made of wood? 学生回答:Yes,it is. 照此方法将黑板上的三个句子都变成一般疑问句。在学生理解的基础上,教师可指导学生操练黑板上的句型,还可在黑板的右侧列出一些替换单词,如:bed, mirror, fridge, jacket, stocking, bottle, lock以及原材料wool, cotton, paper, silk, plastics等。
2.待学生理解和掌握黑板上的主要两个句型(It is made of…和Is it made of…?)后,教师指着课桌问:Is it made of glass? 学生回答:No,it isn’t. 教师马上接着问:What’s it made of? 同时将这个特殊疑问句写在黑板上,可让学生自己理解此句的含义,并启发学生回答:It’s made of wood. 照此方法将黑板上的三个一般疑问句改为特殊疑问句,然后教师可利用黑板上已有的替换单词,指导学生练习这个句型。
3.设置情景,增加练习。教师可将所学日常交际用语和本课所学的新句型结合起来编成对话 (或启发学生自己编对话),练习本课新学的句型。如:
A: Good morning! What can I do for you?
B: I’d like a blue hat.
A: Certainly. Here it is.
B: Is it made of cotton?
A: No, it isn't.
B: What's it made of?
A: It's made of wool.
B: It looks nice. But I prefer a cotton one.
A: What about this one? It's made of cotton.
B: That's fine. I'll take it. How much is it? (Thank you.)
教师可利用黑板上的替换词或已备的实物,指导学生演练对话,也可让学生到讲台前表演。
4.教师可用同样方法教学be used for结构,即由肯定句过渡到一般疑问句,再由一般疑问句过渡到特殊疑问句。如:This is a blackboard. It is used for teaching and studying.Is it used for teaching and studying? Yes, it is. Is it used for playing? No, it isn’t. What’s it used for? 教师将这三个新句型写在黑板上,指导学生利用黑板上的替换词分组 (in pairs)操练。教师还可将这三个带被动语态的新句型编成对话,利用所准备的实物或画片,指导学生进行练习。如:
A: Look at this fridge. What do you think of it? I bought it yesterday.
B: Oh, it looks fine. What's it made of?
A: It's made of metal.
B: Is it used for keeping fruit?
A: No, it isn't.
B: What's it used for?
A: It's used for keeping meat and vegetables.
最后,教师在归纳总结其用法时,可用红粉笔将黑板上该句型中介词for后的动词形式(-ing) 描红或画线,强调介词for后的动词必须是动词 (-ing)形式。
关于Where is it made (produced)?的教学建议
1.在课前准备若干实物 (如手表,钢笔,收音机,录音机等),还可准备若干图片(如冰箱,电视,火车,飞机等)。教师可用be made of这一结构(学生已基本上掌握),先做如下演示:This is a car. (指图片)问学生:What’s it made of? 学生回答:It’s made of metal. 教师可接着问: Where’s it made? 教师先自答:It’s made in China. 然后将这两个句子写在黑板上。接着可利用所准备的实物和图片让部分学生配合教师演示。还可在黑板的右边写出若干替换词 (如watch,fridge, radio, train, plane及国名Japan,Germany,Canada,France,America,Britain, Australia等),指导学生用所给替换词分组 (in pairs)操练。
2.在学生基本上理解和掌握 “Where’s it made? It’s made in…” 之后,教师可换用表示名词复数的图片问学生:What’re these? 学生回答:They’re cars. 教师接着问: Where’re these cars made? 教师可先自答:They're made in Japan. 教师边自问自答,边将这一句型写在黑板上,并边问学生边将黑板上的替换词 (指表示实物的普通名词)改成复数形式,指导学生分组操练这两个句型。稍加操练之后,教师用produced替换made,将句子改成 “Where're these cars produced? They’re produced in Japan. 领读几遍后,指导学生利用黑板上的替换词分组操练。教师可在黑板上增加替换词如salt,sugar,silk,tea等,供学生操练用。
3.教师可在课前准备一幅中国地图,用不干胶纸写上地名贴在地图上。教师可将地图挂在黑板左边,并在黑板的中间部分板书所操练的句型:
教师指导学生用黑板右边的替换词,指着地图上的地名,操练这两组句型。如:Where’s silk produced? It is produced in Hangzhou. Where' re trucks made? They're made in Changchun. 教师可先叫部分学生配合演示,然后教师问,全班学生回答,还可叫学生(两人一组)到讲台上表演。
教师还可进一步在黑板上的句型中加上动词grown,并在黑板的右边加替换词rice,wheat,cotton,tea,apples,pears,bananas等,指导学生利用挂图操练。如:Where's rice grown?
It’s grown in South China. Where're apples grown? They're grown in Shandong
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