Roots
2.for和because的区别
for 和because都表示原因，但because是从属连词，连接原因状语从句，表示直接的，根本的理由；for是并列连词，连接两个并列分句，表示附加的推断的理由。如：
The light went out, because the oil was out. 因为油用完了，所以灯灭了。（直接的原因）
The oil must be out, for the light went out. 油想必用完了，因为灯灭了。（推断的理由）
3. be + to – v 常用来表示不可避免要发生的事，注定后来要发生的事。
They said goodbye, not knowing that they were never to meet again.
他们互相告别，不知道永远不可能再见面了。
The worst is still to come. 最严重的事情注定要发生的。
be + to-v 还常表示计划、打算或安排好做某事，应该或不应该做某事以及能不能做某事。如：
That book of yours is to appear next month. (= That book of yours is going to appear next month. )
你那本书将于下月出版。
You are not to smoke in the offices. (== You should not smoke in the offices. ) 你们不得在办公室吸烟。
What am I to do? ( = What should I /can I do?) 我该怎么办？
4.if only引起的句子表示一种难以实现的愿望，句子谓语要用虚拟语气。如：
It only he had had more courage! 要是他更勇敢些就好了！
If only she didn’t drive so fast! 但愿她开车不要太快！
If only it would stop raining! 雨要是停下来就好了！
5.make up one's mind, decide, determine
l）make up one's mini“决心；认定”，后接不定式或that从句，mind随人称而变化。如：
We've made up our minds to devote our lives to serving the people heart and soul．
2）decide指经过考虑或讨论研究作出决定，后接不定式，介词 on／up on或从句。如：
He decided on taking the position at the bank. ==He decided to take the position at the bank．
3）determine“决心、坚决”，侧重表示决心已下定，任何力量都动摇不了这种决心。其后常接不定式，也可接on／upon + ing。如：
His mother has determined to give him a chance．
6.seize，take，grasp，arrest
1）seize“抓住”有猛然抓住并不脱手之意。如：
The policeman seized the thief by the collar．
2）take“抓住”，属一般用语。如：
He took his girl friend by the arm．
3）grasp“抓住，抓紧；抱住；理解，领会”。如：
Grasp the rope and I'll pull you up．
I didn't quite grasp your meaning
4）arrest侧重于“逮捕；扣留；防止。”如：
He was arrested In suspicion of having murdered the girl．
This newly developed drug has arrested his cancer．
7.give out, give away, give back, give forth, give in, give off, give over, give up
（l）give out放出、发生；宣称，公布，发表；分配，分发；用完，耗尽；精疲力竭。如：
The nurse's patience at last gave out．
（2）give away赠送；出卖；泄露/give back归还；返射/give forth放出，发出（声音，气味等）；发表，公布give in投降；屈服，让步；交上／give off发出（蒸气、光、烟等）／give over移交，交托／give up让给；放弃，抛弃。
8. Once on the boat, they were taken below and their chains were fixed to bars that ran the length of the ship.
run在这里为引申含义，作“扩展，延伸”解。如：
The road runs along the river. 那条道路沿着河流延伸。
The shelves run round the wall. 书架绕墙而立。
9.All he knew was that his African ancestor taught his son and grandson the words in his own language for "river" and "guitar".
这是一个主从复合句。All the knew是主语，其中all后省略了关系代词that，he knew是定活从句。连词that后引导一个表语从句。
He can do all he could to help me. 他会尽其所能来帮助我。 (all that he could中的all that 可省略)
教学设计方案Lesson 53
Step 1 Revision
1 Check the hom ework exercises.
2 Get Ss to have a dialogue like the one in Part 2 of Lesson 52, in pairs, with their books shut.
Step 2 Presentation
SB Page. 7, Part 1. Write the word slavery on the Bb and ask the Ss how much they know about this topic. Make sure that Ss understand that slaves were caught in Africa and were taken to America where they were sold, as this is the key to the story. Put any useful notes and key words that arise out of this discussion on the Bb. Get Ss to talk about the picture and describe what they can see.
Step 3 Reading for general understanding
Say to the Ss You are going to read a story about a man who lived in the eighteenth century. His name was Kunta. Read aloud the task and the two questions. Allow the Ss enough time to read the text and write down the answers. Put them in pairs to discuss their answers, then collect the answers from the class. (1 He was caught in a forest in Africa, put in chains and sent by ship to .America. 2 About a third of the black people on the ship died during the journey.)
Step 4 Reading
Wb Lesson 53, Ex. 1. Go through the exercise and make sure the Ss know what to do. Let them read the whole passage carefully and answer the questions, working in pairs or small groups. Check the answers with the whole class. This is a good time to deal with any language problems. See if the Ss can guess the meaning of softly, hopeless.
Step 5 Comprehension
Explain that Ss have to read the text again and put the events into the correct order. Make the Ss do this task individually, then check their answers in pairs. Answers：
1 Long ago, people in Africa said it was dangerous to walk alone in the forest near the coast.
2 Kunta was caught in the forest one day.
3 He was hit on the head.
4 He was tied up and carried to a small boat.
5 He was then chained up in a castle.
6 He heard some women and children crying.
7 A few days later he was put on a sailing ship.
8 He was chained up in the ship.
9 The ship sailed for two months.
10 The ship arrived in a port.
11 About a third of the black people had lost their lives.
Step 6 Discussion
SB Page 8, Part 3. The purpose of this task is to get Ss to think about and interpret what they have just read. Get the Ss to discuss these questions in pairs or groups of four. Ask for some answers from the class at the end. Possible answers：
1 Where he was being taken, why he was being taken, what was going to happen to him, etc.
2 No, because of the phrase “Another, whoselanguage K
《Roots(第2页)》
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