Casptain Cook

pass by 如：The expedition passed close by the island of Java.

raise和rise

raise　＂升高，增加，提升＂多用做及物动词，后面带宾语，有被动形式．如：

Heavy rains raised the river stage.暴雨使河水水位升高．

The dumbbell was raised from the ground.哑铃被从地上举了起来．

rise ＂上升，起立，升起＂，但是不及物动词，后面不能带宾语，没有被动形式．如：

The price rose.价格上涨．His hair rose on his head.他觉的毛骨悚然．

The fish were rising.鱼浮上水面来了sickness, sick 和 ill

ill多用做表语形容词．如：　He was badly ill.他病的很严重．

Sick做定语形容词，＂有病的，病人的＂a sick man 病人

Sickness名词＂疾病＂如：There hasn't been much sick here this year.今年这儿疾病不多．

worth 和worthy

worth和worthy 都是形容词，词义也基本相同，但在词的搭配及用法上有差别．

Worth用做形容词时，为＂值得．．．的＂．且只做表语，后面可接：

表示价值的名词．如：

This machine is worth 100,ooo yuan. 这台机器价值十万元．

It is not worth more than 10 shillings.它的价值不超过十先令．

２）动名词（主动形式，表被动含义）．如：

His suggestion is worth considering.他的建议值得考虑．

The book is worth reading.这本书值得读．

The Great Wall is well worth visiting.长城非常值得参观．

worthy 用做形容词，为＂配得上的，值得的＂．其用法如下：

be worthy of + 名词．如：

The museum is worthy of a visit.这个博物馆值得参观．

That man is not worthy of his work.那个人不配做他的工作．

be worthy of + being done (to be done). 如：

This is worthy of being done.

The novel is worthy of being read.

His suggestion is worthy of to be considered.

另外，worthy用做形容词时，有＂可尊敬的，有价值的＂意思．在实际应用中往往带有幽默，讽刺或＂还算不错＂的意味．如：

Who is that worthy gentleman?那位＂可敬的＂大人是谁呀？

He lived a worthy life.他过着有价值的生活．

That worthy gentleman couldn't even tell wheat from barley.那位可敬的先生连大麦和小麦都分不清．

语法：动名词

形式/态           主动语态               被动语态

一般式            writing                being written

完成式            having written          having been written

否定式  not +  动名词

句法功能

做主语,表经常性的动作    e.g Seeing is believing.

Taking a walk in the morning makes one healthier.    Reading good novels pleases me.

做宾语. 下列动词或短语动词后接动名词

complete, finish, enjoy, mind, practice, resist, risk, suggest, understand, report, excuse, admit, appreciate, avoid, deny, escape, fancy, postpone,delay, imagine, consider, miss, give up, go on, can’t help, put off,

be used to, add to, devote to, lead to, get down to, pay attention to, look forward to, stick to + doing

prevent… from, keep on, be tired of, be afraid of, insist on, be proud of, be good at, be successful in + doing,be worth doing = be worthy of being done / be worthy to be done,be busy doing ,feel like doing

但注意区别 would like to do

做表语

e.g Her job is taking care of the children.      The music they are playing sounds exciting.

The best exercise in summer is swimming.

做定语

e.g a sleeping car, a hiding place, a reading room, a spelling book

在以下结构中

want/need/require + doing    have difficulty ( in) + doing

There is no need/use/harm/hurry ( in ) + doing   It is no use/good + doing

动名词的复合结构

物主代词( 名词所有格 ) + 动名词

e.g Mary’s coming late made her teacher angry.

Would you mind my/me opening the door?

语法专练

1.In summer we enjoy_______ under the big trees, playing cards together.

  A. sitting  B. to sit  C. seated  D. seating 

2.I regret______ unable to help you.

  A. to be  B. that I can be  C. being  D. for being

3.I think it no use _____a lot without _______ anything.

  A. talking, doing  B. to talk, do  C. talked, doing  D. talking, being done

4. He was praised for_______ the little girl out of the river.

  A. help  B. to help  C. having helped  D. being helped

5.How about_____ to the concert with us?

  A. to go  B. go  C. going  D. gone

6.He was lucky that he escaped _______.

  A. to punish  B. being punished  C. punishing  D. to be punished

7.I didn’t feel like _____, so I suggested______ a walk.

  A.to work, to take  B. working, taking  C. to work, taking  D. working,taking 

8.I have not got used ______in the center of the city.

  A.live  B. living  C. to live  D. to living

9.When I heard the hero’s report, I could not help ______.

  A. to be moved  B. being moved  C. moving  D. to move

10.This problem has been settled. It______ any more.

  A. needs discussing B. needs to be discussed C. needn’t being discussed D.doesn’t need discussing

11.Can you imagine _____ alone on a lonely island?

  A.to live  B. living  C. live  D. yourself to live

12._____ made his father very happy.

  A.Alice married Peter  B. Alice’s married Peter  C. Alice’s marrying Peter

  D. Alice being married Peter

13.I can’t