高一英语第八单元Food Around The World (世界上的食物)

一个难点，难在何处？感到茫然的同学主要是不知道该选用什么介词。而介词的选用是有一定规律的，只要掌握了这些规律性的东西，解题就可迎刃而解，举一反三了。
⒈ 看介词与定语从句中有关动词是否有搭配关系。如：
She paid the man from whom she had borrowed some money . ( = She paid the man . She had borrowed some money from him . )（注意：borrow sth . from sb . 这一搭配关系）
In the dark street , there wasn\'t a single person to whom she could turn for help (NMET 92)（注意：turn to sb . for help 这一搭配关系）
⒉ 看介词与定语从句的先行词是否有搭配关系。如：
The dog died because there was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth .
此句相当于：The dog died . There was no way it could be brought back to earth . （注意：in the way , in this / that way 这一搭配关系）又如：
He will never forget the day on which he joined the Party .（介词 on 与先行词 day 的搭配关系）
⒊ 看介词与定语从句中的形容词是否有搭配关系。如：
China is a large country with a long history of which we are greatly proud .（注意：be / feel proud of 这一习惯搭配）
The two things of which they felt very proud were Jim\'s gold watch and Della\'s hair .（1998年上海高考试题）
⒋ 若表示“所有关系”或“整体中的一部分”，则用介词 of 。如：
I live in this room , the window of which faces south . ( = I live in this room , whose window faces south . )（表示“所有关系”）
There are over 3,000 workers in that factory , eighty-five percent of whom are women . ( =There are … , and eighty-five percent of them are women . 表示“整体中的一部分”）
China has hundreds of islands , the largest of which is Taiwan . （表示“整体中的一部分”）
　
● 定语从句的关联词活用例析
定语从句是中学英语课本中比较复杂的一个语法项目，有些学生对怎样选择关联词不甚清楚，有时会出现错误。现略举几例加以分析说明。先比较下面例句。
1 . I\'ll never forget the summer holidays (which / that) I spent on the seashore .
我决不会忘记在海滨度过的那个暑假。
2 . I\'ll never forget the summer holidays when I worked by the seaside .
我决不会忘记在海边工作的那个暑假。
3 . He is going to work on the island which / that needs him most .
他打算到最需要他的那座岛上去工作。
4 . He is going to work on the island where he is most needed .
他打算到那座岛上去工作，那里最需要他。
分析：在例1句子中，关联词 which / that 在从句中作及动动词 spent 的宾语，可省略；在例2句中，关联词 when 在从句中作时间状语；在例3中，关联词 which\'that 在从句中作主语，不能省略；在例4句子中，关联词 where 在从句中作地点状语。
结论：定语从句的重点是如何选择关联词(关系代词或关系副词)。若关联词在从句中作状语，就应使用关系副词；否则就应使用关系代记号。关系副词 when , where , why 的使用，并不决定于其先行词是表时间、地点或原因的词，而是取决于关联词在从句中充当哪种语法成分。只有当关联词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语时，才能分别使用关系副词 when , where , why 或者用 in / at / on which 代替 when , 用 in / at which 代替 where , 用 for which 代替 why；若关联词在从句中作主语、宾语，则应用关系代词 which 或 that。
练习：从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1 . I still remember the day ____ I first came to the college .
A . on which B . in which C . at which D . which
2 . They wll never forget the day ____ they got married .
A . that B . which C . in which D . when
3 . He makes good use of the time ____ he can spare .
A . when B . that C . in that D . in which
4 . The factory ____ his mother works is in the east of the city .
A . that B . which C . on which D . where
5 . The place ____ interested me most was the Children\'s Palace .
A . which B . where C . what D . in which
6 . That is the reason ____he wasn\'t here yesterday .
A . why B . which C . on which D . in which
7 . That is the reason ____ he can\'t say .
A . why B . that C . what D . in which
答案与解析：
1 . A on which 可用 when 代替，在定语从句中起时间状语的作用。 2 . D 关系副词 when 在从句中作时间状语，可用 on which 代替。 3 . B 关系代词 that 在定语从中作及物动词 spare 的宾语，可用 which，也可省略。 4 . D 关系副词 where 在从句中作地点状语，可用 in which 代替。 5 . A 关系代词 which 在从中作主语，可用 that 代替。 6 . A 关系副词 why 在从中作原因状语，可用 for which 代替。 7 . B 关系代词 that 在从句中作及物动词 say 的宾语，可用 which 代替，也可省略。
　
● 谈谈被动语态的三种特殊情况
主动语态变被动语态的“三步曲”是：一、将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；二、谓语动词改为被动形式；三、如需强调动作的执行者；用介词 by 引出。那么，下面的三个问题也值得我们重视。
一、不可变为被动语态的主动语态
1 . 宾语为抽象名词或处所名词。如：
She always worries about her health . 她总是担心她的健康。
His friends left Beijing by train yesterday . 昨天他的朋友们坐火车离开了北京。
2 . 宾语为反身代词或相互代词。如：
They are teaching themselves English . 他们正在自学英语。
We should learn from each other . 我们应该互相学习。
3 . 宾语为行为者身上的某部位或某器官。如：
At last he put his hands up .
4 . 宾语为表示某组织机构的词组。如：
His father joined the Party two years ago . 他父亲两年前入了党。
5 . 谓语部分为一个不可分割的动词短语。如：
Then he made faces and jumped like a monkey . 接着他做鬼脸并象猴子一样地跳。
二、常用主动语态表示被动意义的动词
英语中有一些动词，常和表示行为方式的状语连用，可以用主动语态表示在逻辑上似乎应该用被动语态表示的概念。如：
This pen writes we

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